Primbon Bahasa Inggris

Biodata :

           My name is : NALENDRO.

                       Class : X-8.

         In my school : SMA Negeri 2 Palangka Raya.

             My Hobby : playing Basket Ball and Base Ball.

Materi Semester 1:

·      Invitation.

·      Appointment.

·      Happiness Expressions.

·      Gaining Attention.

·      Sympaty Expressions.

·      Giving Instructions.

·      Announ cements.

·      Recount text.

·      Narrative text.

·      Procedure text.

·      Past Tense.

·      Present Tense.

·      Simple Present Tense.

·      Greetings.

·      Vocabs : Shapesi Part or Body.

·      Perfect Tense : PPT.

          ·      Advertisement.

            

Greeting is an act of communication in which human beings [ as well as other members ]

Intentionally make their presence known to each other , to show attention to , and to suggest a type of

Relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming  in contact with each other.

*Greetings can in the form of :

*Writteen English.

*Voicemail greetings.                                           

*Telephone greetings.

*greeting card.

*Greeting :

*good morning  / good afternoon / good evening / good night.

*Hello / Hi,

*Nice to meet you , nice to meet you too.

*Nice to meet you , sir / Ma’am.

*How are you ? ,                                                      

*How is life ?,

*How do you do ?? ,

*How are things ??

*I’m very good , thanks / I’m o.k. Thank you.

*I’m not good , actually. And you ?

 

Greeting.

Greeting.	Responding.
*Hello / Hi. *Good morning , sir / Madam. *Morning. *How are you ? *How ’s life *How are things ? *Hi , Maria ! long time no see.	*Hello / Hi. *Good morning , bella. *Morning. *fine , thank . and you ? *Not very well , I guess. *Not bad at all. *Hi , Dina ! yeah right.

Introducing one self.

Introducing one self.	Responding.
*Let me [allow me to] introduce. My self. I’m... *Hi , my name’s ... [Maria]. *Hello , I’m Nova , How do you do ? *Good morning , sir , I’m Edi , your never secretary.	*Hello I’m ... *Hi , Maria. I’m Cahayu. *I’m Linda how do you do ? *Good morning , Edi. Pleased to meet you.

Leave –  taking.

Leave – taking.	Responding.
*Good night , Dad / mom. *See you tomorrow. *Good bye / bye – bye / bye. *See you Later. *I’m  sorry. I must go now. *See you a round. *Have a nice trip.	*Good night , dear. *See you. *Good bye / bye – bye. *See you . *Sure. See you. *Thanks.

Example.

Dialog .

*Robin : Good night , Jastin.     Jastin : Good night , Robin. Sweet dreams.     Robin : you , too.     Jastin : Thanks , dear.    *Martin : Good evening , Candra , it’s me Candra your old friend.     Candra : Good evening , Martin. I remember  you. Hou are , you ?     Martin : I’m fine , thank you. How about you , Candra ?     Candra : I’m fine too. Well , I have to go now , Good night  , Martin.     Martin : Good night , Candra , see you.    *Meli : Good morning , Mario !                                                                                            Mario : Good morning , Meli ! How are you ?      Meli : Very well , thank. How about you ?      Mario : I’m fine too. Thank you ,okay , I must go now. Good bye , see you Later.      Meli : Good bye , see you Later.

Greeting is the expression which is used to address someone or other people

A.How do you greet other people?

1.Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening/Night, nite

2.Hello, Ewo

Hello, Agnes

3.How are you?

4.How’s everything with you?

5.How’s life ?

6.How are you getting along ?

7.How are you doing ?                                         

a)Fine, thanks

b)Pretty good, thanks

c)I’m well, thanks

d)Not bad, thanks. And you?

8. Hi, Nurul

oHi, Pirta

What’s up?

Give me five

Give me a hug

Hi there!

B.How do you introduce yourself?

(1)Let me introduce my self, my name is Oghy

(2)Hello, I’m Golda

(3)Hi, I’m AdiPramono. You can call me Mono.

(4)Hello, my name is Yeni Pratiwi

C.How do you introduce other people?

-I would like to introduce RiaSaputri

-I would like you to meet Grace

-Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is AgusKuncoro

D.How do you close or end your conversation?

-Well, I should be going now. See you!

-I’m sorry, but I have to go now. It’s been nice talking with you. See you later

-Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!

Bye bye

Good bye

Have a good time

GBU

Be careful, take care

See you

So long

See you soon

See you later, make a call, will you?

     Invitation is the Invitation given by one person to another an important event , such as birthdays , anniversary , birth of children , school graduation , separation , and the anniversary of the company or a gency.

The Invitation are usually written a bout people who were Invited , the event  Invitation , time  [ day , date , hour ] , places , messages , and the person who invited.

*Making an Invitation :

* I’d like to invite you to come to my birthday party.

*Are you free on Sunday morning ? would you like to jogging with me ?

*I was wondering if you’d like to come to  my new home this afternoon.

*We’re going to have a religious meeting  tonight we’d love go to come .

*Would you like to attend the meeting.

*I wonder if you’d like to come to my weedding party.

1.] A : Let’s go to the beach , shall we ?

     B : That’s good idea.

2.] A : Let’s be happy , shall we ?                            

      B : All right.

Example :

1.] I’d like to invite you to my birthday party.

2.] can you drop by my house after school ?

3.] would you like to attend the meeting ?

4.] I wonder if you’d like to come to my wedding party.

Invitation is request / ask some one for going to do something.

Kind of Invitation :

1.] spoken.

2.] written.

Invitation use future tense :

1.] purpose.

2.] Time.

3.] place.

Example :

Happy birthday card wedding card  ,etc.

*Receive Invitation :

1.] All right.

2.] I like that.                                           

3.] I’d Love you to

4.] I’d like to

5.] I’d be happy / glad to accept.

6.] yes , I’d be delighted to.

7.] yes , that would be nice.

*Refuse Invitation :

1.] I’am sorry I can’t.

2.] I’d like to , but ....

3.] I’am afraid I can’t.

4.] No , let’s not do it.

5.] I’d like to , but I can’t

6.] I’m afraid I’m busy.

*Example :

Dialog.

Martin : would you like to go camping with we next holiday ? Candra : I’d love to. Martin : Really. Candra : yes. Martin : ok , I am waiting you in my house , tomomrrow.

*This is an Invitation for older people ....

1.] would you like to go cinema with me tonigh ?

2.] would you like + tobe + v1 + o/c ?

*Accepting an Invitation.

- thank you. I’d love to.         

                      - yes , thank you. What time ?                                   

                     - sound great.

- That would be wonderful.

- okay.

- All right.

- I’d love to , thank. Where do you want to meet ?

- I’am glad be able to accept.

- that’s a good idea. What time to we go ?

- I will. Thanks for your Invitation.

 *Example :

1.]

Please join us                                                 as we celebrate our                                                   40th Anniversary                                               paul and Opal wright                                                     Friday , 7th May                                                    6:30 p.m.-10 p.m.                                                     Our new Home                                  Komplek TSI DuriKosambi Cengkareng                                             [ Dinner will be served ]                                                      RSPV 54390186                                                 [ Elsa /Natali / Eliza ]

2.]

The nursery was packed with blankets                            And love all we liked was a bundle of joy.                            Please join us for calebrating the birth of                                                       Our Baby                                            Drew Davidson Crespi                                            7th My 2009 at 2 p.m.                                                   26 park road                                              London , SE 281 AT     RSVP to :                                                                                        Hosted by :     Anna or James                                                                              Keith          967-650-999                                                                                 Kelley Crespi

 *Refusing an Invitation.

- Unfortunately , I won’t be able to come because I have made plans.

- I’m sorry , I’am unable to come because I have to go up town.

- I’m afraid I wan’t be able to accept because I have a business.

- sorry , I can’t because I must be going now.

- I’m awfully sorry , I have other plans

- sorry , I’ve already made plans for Saturday.

- oh darn !! Have to fetch the doctor. My sister is iil.

- I wish I could , but I Have promised to go with my priend to dawntown.

- I’d really like to , but I have to finish my job first.

   

Invitation tells about how to invite or ask someone to come along or join a particular program or activity.

How to invite someone:

-I would like you to….

-We would be pleased if you could…

-Would you please attend my party tonight?

-Would you like to…..?

-Shall we…?

-How about…?

-If you don’t mind, please come to house tomorrow

-Let’s have dinner together with me tonight

-Would you mind coming to my birthday party?

How to accept an invitation :

-O.K.!

-I would love to

-I will come                                                               

-Thank you, Yes, I would like to…

-Yes, I would. Thanks.

-That would be very nice. Thank you

-All right!

How to refuse/decline an invitation :

-I would love to, but…

-That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However…

-That’s very kind of you, but…

-Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway

-I’m afraid I can’t

-I can’t for now because I’m busy

The example of dialogue of invitation:

Laveanna Sasmita : hi, Nuansa, what are you going to do tonight?

Nuansa M. Apui : I will just stay at home. I’m free tonight

Lavenna sasmita : Well then, would you like to come to my birthday tonight?

Nuansa M. Apui : Oya, you are going to celebrate your birthday, what time?

Lavenna Sasmita : At 7.00 p.m. I hope you can come

Nuansa M. Apui : Yes, I would. Thanks.

Lavenna M. Apui : Thank you very much. I will be waiting for you. Good bye now

Nuansa M. Apui : Good bye

 Hi friend ....

*Do you know appointment ?? Do you ever make an appointment ??

*I think everybody ever make an appointment in but in my E – Primbon I want Explain a bout appointment in general.

*Appointment is the way of when wan’t go or come to do something place with invite someone or more it is good to make an appointment before you meet some one or people. The purpose is to invite someone or more to meet with us and declare an agreement to do something.

Making an appointment :

*Do you want go with me this morning to ....?

*I want to make an appointment to see....                        

*I’d like to make an appointment with....

*we meet at ....

*wait me ....please at....

The expressions if we accepting an appointment :

*All right , see you there.

*no problem , I’m free on ....

*Be there on time ....

*It’s ok !

*I’LL wait you....

*It’s a deal.

The expressions if we canceling an appointment :

*I’m sorry . I’m very busy

*I’m terribly  sorry I have

*I’m afrand I have to post pone my appointment with ......to morrow morning.

*Sorry I can’t.

*I’d love to , but I can’t.

*I’m sorry I have another appointment       

Example :

Harry : Budi , we meet  at big round , tomorrow for jogging ??

Budi : It’s ok.

Rina : fajar , can you with me to the birthday party my friend this evening ?

Fajar : All right ,see you there Rina......?

 *Cancelingan Appointment*

Dinda : Hello Romi , can you go with me to the my birthday party in palapa cafe , this evening ?

Romi : Hello , Dinda now me very busy. I’m sorry ? but happy birthday.

Dinda : ok Romi thanks ......

*Changing an appointment.*

*is that o.k if we meet at ......[eg 10.00 A:M]

*Do you have another time this afternoon ?

*Could we change the day [time] of the meeting ?

*would you mind if we change the day [time] of the meeting ?

Appointment tells about agreement for meeting. It is good to make an appointment before you meet someone or people

I.Making an Appointment

I’d like to make an appointment with Kristian

•I want to make an appointment to see…..

•I’d like you to come and see                                 

•Can I come and see you?

I’ll be there

What about….(thank you)

II.Accepting an Appointment

•All right, see you there

•No problem, I’m free on….(Thursday)

•Be there on time

•I’ll wait for you

•It’s a deal

III.Canceling an Appointment

•I’m sorry, I’m very busy

•I’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment

•I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with….(Dr. Stephen Tong) tomorrow morning

IV.Changing an Appointment

•What about …..(Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)

•Is that ok, if we meet at…..                     * could we change the schedule of the meeting.

•Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!   * do you have another time this afternoon.

 Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are happy , pleasure , glad

      have excited feelings.  the purpose is to show  if  we happy about something.

     to  expressing the happiness we can show by ‘the word , gestures or facial.’

*These are some expressing of happiness :

         *I’m happy        *smassing

         *Great !!            *Hore!

        *terrific !!          *thanks god                                 

        *fantastic !!       *yes !

        *exciting !!        *I’m happy

        *super !!            *I’m very pleased   

        *I’m happy       *I’m so olad to hear that.

        *Expressing happines : formal

        *oh . I’m so happy

        *I’m really happy

        *I’m can’t say how pleased I’m

       *It’s a sensational trip.

       *It gives me great pleasure.

        *these are some expressing of happines with gestures of facial :

        *laugh

        *smile

        *what do you say if you friend fell happy.                         

        *congratulation.

       *Happy birthday.

       *happy anyversary.

the example of happines expressions !!

   1.] Lisa : I’m very happy , I have a boy friend now !!!

   Doni : ooo…… Really ?

    congratulation Lia ……!!!!

   2.] Maria : Jordan , I get a handphone from my brother , yesterday !

    Jordan : Great , ……….you are very lucky !

 *  Happinnes Expression.

    happines expression is an that is usedto show that some one or people areglad have excited feelings.

   *Standar competency.

     to comprehend and expres the meaning nuance within the transactional and interpersional conversations

     which are related to the happiness expressions in the context of daily life.

    *Basic competency.

    to respond and expres the meaning nuance within the formal / informal transactional and interpersonal

    conversations by using the simple kind of spoken and writen languages accirately and fluently in the daily life

    context  involving the acts of expressing happiness.

    *Indicators.

after finishing the lesson , the students are expected to be able to :

    1.] Identify the meaning nuence of expresing happiness.

    2.]Respond or carry out transactional and interpersonal conversations a bout expressing happiness.

    *what is happines ?

    it is important to first understand that the term ‘happines’ refers to the emotion. mood ,  and state of happines 

 , howefer researchers generally study the more enduring  ‘state’.

   *expression happiness is used to expression happines or get something.

  * to express your happines.

    *I’m happy………                                                                               

    example :

    *I’m happy because you get a first ranking in your class………

    *I’m happy you , can make your parents procid for you score……..

    *I am so glad to hear that………

example :

*I’m so glad to hear that because you never cheating in your class…….

*I’m so glad to hear that because  your never cheating in your class…….

*I’m so glad to hear that because all of us can picnic to gether……..

*Great !

I’am so glad…….

*you understand that I explain in here that’s great……..!

      *I’m so glad to know you can get the first place in the run competition……..

      *fantastic !

       amazing…….!

example :

* that place was very fantastic !

      *that’s mountain was very amazing……..

Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings

What would you say to express you happiness?

-I’m happy……

-I’m (very)pleased / (really) delighted (about)….

-I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it

-I am so glad to hear that

-Great!

-Terrific!

-Fantastic!

   the definition of gaining attention.

     gaining attention is attitude to show or ask attention from the other people. the purpose is to find attention ,

     the other people so the other people pay attention.

when we try someone or group of people to pay attention to what we want to do , we may use the expression :

    1.] excuse me.

    2.] look at me.

    3.] listen to me , please.

    4.] waiter / waitress.

to respons the expressions a bout something we can use :

    1.] I’m listening.

    2.] I’m ready to her now.                                     

    3.] let’s hear it together.

    4.] let’s pay attention announcement.

    5.] I’m looking.

Gaining attention.

       Gaining attention : a way or expression that is spoken that other people will pay their attention to what we

      want to.

      *usually gaining attention use in order our friends that speak with we , attention to us.

      *usually use simple present tense.

      example :

      *attention , please !

      *excuse me , look here !

       *listen  to me , please !

       *my I have your attention , please !

the example expression of gaining attention :

       *attention , please

       *may I have your attention , please ?

       *excuse me , look here !                                        

       *listening to me , please

       *waiter ?

       *I’m sorry , but ……..

       *wow really ?

dialogue example :

      teacher : attention , please. to day we will watch a movie in the self access center.

      what do you think ?

      student : that’s great.

-Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

-The example expressions of gaining attention :

•Attention, please

•May I have your attention, please?

•Excuse me, look here!

•Listen to me, please

•Waiter?

•I’m sorry, but…

•Wow really?

 sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and soprow when we know and see someone

 or

        people are unlucky or have trouble an in bad condition the purpose of sympathy expressions are :

        *people will be happy.

        *people will know if we care with them.

        how can we give sympathy expression to some one ???

        we express it directly to him / her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service

       [sms] , e-mail , television , radio , and newspaper. if she / he who got the trouble is far from us.

the expressions of sympathy can be into parts :

they are :

informal expression of sympathy are :

·         oh , that’s bad luck.

·         how trible / anful for you !

·         how awful.                                        

·         oh what a shame.

·         I sympathic with you.

·         oh , dear.

·         you must be very up set !

formal expressions of sympathy are :

·          I’m extremly sorry to hear that.

·         what a terrible situation.

·         I’d like to express my deepest condulences.

when some one has died the expressions of sympathy are :

·         oh , I’m sorry to hear that.

·          I hope you will be patient and fearless.      

we will give the sympathy expression to a friend or family who has experlenced a death personal loss , or

other misfortune or perhaps this person was vecently divorced or has  been injured in a accident.

example :

       Eko : Karlos , my car is desappeared yesterday. I’m very sad now …….!

       Karlos : oh …..I’m  extremly sorry to hear that and I hope you will be patient and fearless ……..

I.Brief Description Of Material :

The definition of sympathy expression:

Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

Several expressions of sympathy :

-I’d like to express my deepest condolences

-I’m sorry to hear that

-I’m awfully sorry about…                                   

-Oh, how awful!

-Oh, dear!

-You must be very upset

-Oh, what a shame

-How pity you are!

-How terrible / awful for you

Example of dialogue that expresses sympathy in a certain situation :

Miss Agnes Hansella : You know what? Ewo has lost his wallet.

Noveni Irawati : Oh, I’m sorry to hear that

                

 who know about giving instructions ?

         what the tense used in giving instruction ?

        Giving insruction relevance with ???

        *for answer my question , you can read my e – primbon because in my e- primbon have the answer of my

        question !!!!

        *Giving instruction is an expression that is used another that other person does what we instruct or request.   

       giving  instruction also is competence for do command or request from one people to other people.

 

Giving instruction divisible consist instruction that is :               

·         order [ instruction ].

·       prahibition.                                                                        

the tense used in giving instructions is ‘simple present’.

first formula :

      

when the commanding word is a verb , you the infinitive without to [ verb 1 + o ].

example :  1.] close the door.

                            2.] open the window.

                            3.] write the peotry.

                            4.] Move the chair.

 *if you don’t use a verb as a commanding word , you use a verb as a commanding word , you use be +

       adjective [ second formula ].

example : Bestrong , be quiet , be happy , be smart , be crazy.

Third formula :

        when you forbid some one to do something , you use don’t + verb infinitive without to [ don’t + v1 + o ].

        example : don’t kill him , don’t cry , don’t bathed , don’t come late , don’t throw the bottle. 

                                                                                                     

          *Giving Instruction is Relefance with procedure text.

example :

procedure of making a instant Noodle.

steps :

        *first , boil two glasses of water in fan.

        *second , open the package of indomie fried noodles.

        *then , while waiting for the water boil , pour the seasoning : chili sauce , soya sauce an oil into a bowl.

        *Next , after the water is boiled , drain the noodles.

        *Next , after throw away the water.

        *Then , pour the noodles into the bowl.

        *Next , mix the noodles with the seasoning , sauce , and the other ingredients.

        *finally , your noodles  are ready.

Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

The example expressions of giving instruction :                        

a.Open your book!

b.Close the door, please!

c.Be quiet, please!

d.Move the chair!

e.Open the window!

f.Pass me the sugar, please!

g.Stand up, please!

Note : The tense used in giving instruction is “simple present”

                    

spoken text.

Read the following text.

To all students of school. May I have your attention , please ? We will have a group of guests from Australia next Wednesday. On that day , each class has to perform our tradition dances , folk songs , or operette. Please be prepared , thank you.

the text a bove is called an ‘’ announcement ‘’.

         it is a spoken announcement. an announcement usually starts with an expression  to get people’s

        attention , such as ‘’attention , please’’.  it is usually ended with an expression of thanking.

written Text.

example Announcement.

                                                                        ANNOUNCEMENT

                                                                    Friday , 24 th May 2009.

*‘’free cooking class for you’’ will be held in Room 12 beginning next Saturday. Those who are interested , please contact Mrs.Laura.

*The visit to the museum will be on Saturday , 1 St June. The bus leaves the school at 8:30, and those who want to go should not be late. The visit will last the whole day , and we expect to get back at about 4:30 in the afternoon.

*Earth day is about to come ! don’t forget to celebrate it by joining our Earth day programmes : seminar on recyling materials [ 25 th July ]. Think about what you can do to make this planet a cleaner and healthier place. Let’s look for ways to slow , or even reverse the damage we’ve done to this beloved earth. 

     

Announcement.

          Announcement : something said , written or printed  to make known what has happened or [more often ]

        what will happen.

        *In writing an announcement ,keep the following points :       

        *The title / type of event.

        *Date / Time.

       *place.

       *who to contact.

example :

committee.

            school trip to golden sands beach on 28 th of August , the school will hold a school trip to golden sands

         Beack. Deperature time : 07.30

         program : Morning : swimming , games ,

         volley ball : lunch in the see view

        restaurant afternoon : walk a long

        the beach to the lagoon : watch the boat festival.                         

        fee : Rp 50.000

contact person : oghy , Nurul , Diesta.  

The definition of announcement

Announcement is something said, written, or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement, keep the following points ;

-the title/type of event,

-Date/time, place and

-contact person

The example of an announcement :

ANNOUNCEMENT

COMMITTEE

SCHOOL TRIP TO TANGKISUNG BEACH

On 28th of August, the school will hold a school trip to Tangkisung Beach.

Departure time : 07:30 a.m.

Programs : Morning swimming, games, volley ball; lunch in the sea view restaurant.Afternoon walk along the beach to the lagoon;

watch the boat festival.

Fee : Rp50,000.00

Contact person : Oghy, Nurul, Diesta

ChairpersonEwoJatmiko             

                       

*do you know “ Reccount Text “ ??? *

       I think every body ever hear about Reccount text but I want to explain about  Reccount text so that we can

     Understand the meaning about  “ Reccount Text “.

     Reccount text is a text is used to Retell events for the purpose of informing  or enter taining. Reccount text  tell

    The reader  what happend and Retell a past even.

    Structure of Reccount text :

·         orientation [ it gives the readers the back ground information needed to understand the text ].

·         Events [ a series of events , ordered in a chronological sequence].

·         Re – orientation [ Restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment or the writer on hte incident ].

·         Language Features : * use of simple past tense.

·         Use of temporal conjuction [ when , after , before , next , later , then ].

·         Use of personal pronoun [ I , we ].

       *when writing Reccounts you should :

·         focus on indidual people.

·         use word which indicate when and where to events took place.

              use action words.

    *the Reccount  generally begins with on orientation it’s giving the Readers the backgroond information needed to

           Understand the text.                                                       

           And orientation telling the Readert about :

·         Who was involved.

·         Where it happened.

·         When it happened.

        *then the Reccount unfoldr with a series of events.

        *at various stages there many with be some personal coment on the incident , we call it Re – orientation.

        purpose [ s ] of the Reccount text are :

·         To Retell what happened.

·         To tell 4 series of events.

·         To entertain or to a muse the readers.

        *Language Features of Reccount text :

·         Descriptive Language.

·         Past events.

·         Time words to connect event.

·         Words which tell us when , where , with , whom , and how. 

         *We can to find examples of a Reccount text on : 

·         Newspaper Reports.

·         Diary entires.

·         Interviews.                                                       

·         Conversation.

·         Letter.

·         Biography.

·         A write up of a trip or activities.

                                                                       A good Reccount in the context.

  Of second Languages at quisition should be entertaining and impormative , It should Retell an incident or an event

   In a fairly objective or factual style so that the audience has a good understanding of what happend.

       *Recount Text*.

       *Reccount text : a text used to retell events for purpose of informing or entertaining.

       *the generic structure :

       *orientasi.

       [ it makes / gives the readers the back ground information  needed to understand the text ].

       *Events.

     [ a series of events , or dered in a chronological sequence ].

     *Re – orientation.

     [ Restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident ].

     *the significant Languages features :

         - use of simple past tense.                               

         - use of temporal – conjuction.

         - use of personal  - pronoun.

.

The Definition Of Recount Text

Recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

The generic structures of recount text are :

1.Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)

2.Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)

3.Re-orientation (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident

The significant Lexicogrammatical features :

-Use of simple past tense

-Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)

-Use of personal pronoun (I, we)

The example of Recount Text :

An Unlucky Day

One morning, I got up with the feeling that the day was going to be an unlucky one for me. How right it was! Found that it was already 06:15 a.m..

I rushed into the bathroom. I did not see a piece of soap lying on the floor as I stepped on it and slipped, almost breaking my back in the process.

Then, I went into the dining room for my breakfast. I gulped down the tea without realizing that it was very hot. It burnt my tongue. I spat it out and could not eat anything because my tongue hurt. I got dressed and rushed to the bus stop.

Unfortunately, I just missed the bus. My heart sank and I knew that I would be late for school.

When I reached school. My name was taken down by the teacher. The teacher scolded me for being late. To my humiliation, I was made to stand outside the class. I was so upset by the incidents that I could not study properly. But worse was to come.After school, I was on my way home when something hard hit me on the head. Someone hand thrown a bag of fish bones out of the window and it landed on me! I was boiling with rage but could do nothing. However, luckily for me, this only raised a small lump on my head.

I managed to reach home safe and sound, and did not dare to go out again for the rest of the day.

                            

 Narrative text : a kind of text to retell the story that past tense the purpose of text is to entertain or to amuse

    The readers or Listeners about the story.

       The generic structure :

       1.] orientation.

       It set the scene and introduce the participants.                        

       2.] complication.

        Tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them.

       3.] Resolution.

        The crisis is revolved , for better or worse.

       4.] Re – orientation.

        The ending of story.

       5.] Evaluation.

The stepping back to evaluate the story or the moral messages of the story or the moral messages of the story.

     *linguistic features :                              

        1.] use active verbs.

        2.] use past tense.

        3.] use conjunction.

        4.] the first person [ I or we ] or third person [ He , she , or they ].

  5.] use specific nouns.

        6.] use adjective and adverbs.

         *kind of Narrative Text :

         1.] Legend.                                         

         2.] fable.

          3.] fairy tale.

          4.] science fiction.

          Narrative Text.

     Narrative Text is to tell something in the past. The purpose is to entertain , created / stimulated emotion ,

     Motivate , guide and teach.

      Example :

         1.] Legend : Lake to ba , Malin kundang , etc.

         2.] fable : Birds and snake , crocodile and mouse deer etc.

         3.] fairy Tale : cinderella , alladin , snow white , etc.

         4.] Horor : the saw , Ju – on , are you scared ? etc.

         5.] sciencefiction : Alien , etc.

         The Generic structure of narrative text :

         1.] orientation.

          The setting of the story :

  Consist of : a. The starting point of  a narrative story to make readers understand what the story’s talking a bout.

    Example :  - once upon a time.

-          A long time a go.

-          Early one morning , etc

        B. Describing the main character of the story.

          Example : kind Lady and cinderella we a beautiful.

        2.] complication.

         *the problem raises in the story.                                   

           Example : cinderella could go if .......

        *the characteristik of narrative text :

        1.] past tense.

        2.] Dialogues.

        3.] Lingking words that are connected whit the time.

        4.] The using / it use the first :

              - person [ I ] and the third.

             - person [ she , he , they ].

           *The purpose is to entertain and to a muse the readers.

The definition of narrative text :

Narrative text is a text that is used for the purpose of entertaining or amusing, creating, stimulating emotions, motivating, guiding and teaching the readers or the listeners and it usually deals with actual or vicious experience. Narrative texts such as : Fable (mouse deer and crocodile), Legend / folk tales (Sangkuriang, Malin Kundang), Fairy Tale (Cinderella, snow white, pinochio)

The generic structures of narrative text :

1.Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the questions = who, when, what, where).

2.Evaluation : A stepping back to evaluate the plight (the information about the narrator’s point of view); it is optional.

3.Complication : A crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main Characters.

4.Resolution : a solution to the problem (for better or worse). Main characters find ways to solve the problem.

Some important points in the story of narrative text are:

It uses temporal conjunction :ex. once upon a time, before, after, etc.

It uses simple past tense :ex. there lived a …..,one day there was….etc

The example of narrative text :

A.Jack and the Beanstalk

There was once upon a time a poor widow who had an only son named Jack. They were so poor that they didn’t have anything except a cow. When the cow had grown too old, his mother sent Jack to sell it. On the way to the market, Jack met a butcher who had some beautiful beans in his hand. The butcher told the boy that the beans were of great value and persuaded the silly lad to sell the cow for the beans.

Jack brought them happily. When he told his mother about this, his mother became so angry that she threw the beans out of the window.

When Jack woke up in the morning, he felt the sun shining into a part of his room, but all the rest was quite dark and shady.

So he jumped to the window. What did he see? The beanstalk grew up quite close past Jack’s window. He opened the window and jumped onto the beanstalk which ran up just like a big ladder.He climbed…and climbed till at last he reach the sky. While looking around, he saw a very huge castle. He was very amazed.

                       

The Definition Of Procedure Text

Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

The generic structures of proceduret text are :

1)Goal/aim ( or title)                                                    

2)Materials (not required for all procedural texts)

3)Steps (the actions that must be taken)

The example of Procedure Text :

How to make a sandwich(aim/goal)

You need(materials)

2 slices of breadpeanut butter

a banana

honey

What you should do are : (steps)

1.Take two slices of bread

2.Spread peanut butter

3.Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices

4.Pour some honey over the bananas

5.Put the other slice of bread on top                           

  

*Language features :

·         use of simple present tense.

·         Imperative tense.

·         Temporal conjuction.

·         Use action verb.

          *Definition of procedure Text.

   Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or

   Steps. It explain  how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present 

    Tense , often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal  conjuction such as first , second , then , next  finally ,

    Etc.

                                                                           The Generic Structures. 

                                                                             Of Procedure text are :

                      *Goal / aim [ or title ].

                      *Material [not required for all procedural texts ].

                       *steps [ the actions that must be taken ].

                        Example :                                                              

             *How to make a sandwich [aim / goal ].                            

             *You need [ materials ]

·         2 slices of bread.

·         Peanut butter.

·         A banana.

·         Honey.

      what your should do are : [ steps ].

           *Take two slices of bread.        *Spread peanut butter.        *cut up a banana into small slices and put them on  

    - one of the slices*pour some Honey over  the bananas.      * put the other slice of bread on top.

                                              

The Definition Of Past Tense :

1.Simple Past Tenseis a kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past

The pattern : (+) Subject + verb II + complement             

(-) Subject + did not + verb II + complement

(?) Did + subject + verb I

The examples : (+) I went to Tangkiling yesterday

(-) I did not go anywhere last night

(?) Did you go last week?

Adverbs used : yesterday, lat night, last week, two days ago, e few minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1984, etc.

2.Past Continuous Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain time in the past

The pattern : (+) Subject + was/were +verb-ing+ complement

(-) Subject + was not/were not+verb-ing+ complement

(?) was/were+ subject + verb-ing+complement

The examples :(+) He was writing a letter at eight o’clock last night

(-) He was not writing a letter at seven o’clock last night

(?) Were you writing a letter at eight last night?

Adverbs used : at the time like this yesterday, at seven o’clock last night, etc.

3.Past Perfect Tenseis a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till in a certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened

The pattern : (+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement

(-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement

(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement                                

The examples : (+) We had eaten before they came

(-) They had not eaten before we came

(?) Had they eaten before we got back?

Adverbs used : from 1998 to 1999, once, twice, etc.

Several expressions of congratulating, complimenting, and thanking:

Congratulation  is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Congratulating:

Congratulations!

Congratulations on your success!

Happy birthday!

Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!

Merry Christmas!

Happy New Year!

Happy Valentine!

Happy anniversary!

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

on his/her general appearance

if you notice something new about the person’s appearance

when you visit someone’s house for the first time

when other people do their best

Complimenting:

What a nice dress!

You look great.

You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.

I really must express my admiration for your dance.

Good grades!

Excellent!

Nice work!

Good job!

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking:

Thank you very much

Thank you for your help

I’m really very grateful to you

You’re welcome

Don’t mention it

It’s a pleasure / My pleasure

I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)

I am grateful to your help

Nanda: ‘What do you think about my new dress?

Mandela: ‘Oh, ____________’

a. It’s my pleasure b. You love my dress

c. You look great d. I love my new dress                    

e. It’s very kind of you

Andrea: ‘I did it! They’ve chosen me as the next idol’

Teguh: ‘Well, ____________’

a. It’s my pleasure b. I don’t believe it

c. You look great d. You have my sympathy

e. Congratulations!

Yulia: ‘Have you got your invitation? I put it on the table’

Agus: ‘ ____________’

a. My pleasure b. I don’t believe it

c. Thanks d. Don’t mention it

e. Congratulations!

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

 To express surprise or disbelief:

What a surprise! That’s a surprise!

(Well), that’s very surprising!

Really?

What?

Are you serious? You must be joking!

You’re kidding!

Fancy that!

I must say … surprises me.

I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing surprise:

A: How can you say that?

B: Well, that’s the fact.

Example of expressing surprise:

A: I can’t believe it!                       

B: That’s true.

    When you got a surprising fact, you can say:

Do you know what?

Believe it or not?

You may not believe it, but …

Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:

Really?

Are you joking?

Oh?

Where? Show me.

When you deliver a surprising fact, you would say:

a. Believe it or not? b. I don’t believe it

c. Are you kidding? d. Don’t lie to me

e. Really?

Owi: ‘Know what? My father bought me tickets to watch The Reds next week’

Yudi: ‘ ____________’

a. I’m sorry to hear it b. Can you believe this?

c. It’s my pleasure d. What’s going on?

e. Are you kidding?

A: How can you say that?

B: Well, that’s the fact.

The talk is using the expression of:

a. Congratulation b. Gratitude

c. Surprises d. Compliment

e. Sympathy

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

Invitation:

To invite someone

I would like you to …

We would be pleased if you could …

Would you like to …?                                       

Shall we …?                                                                                                                                

How about …?

To accept an invitation

Thank you. Yes, I would like to …

Yes, I would. Thanks.

That would be very nice. Thank you.

All right!

O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation

I would love to, but …

That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …

That’s very kind of you, but …

Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

Snow Maiden

Once upon a time there lived a couple in a village. They had got married for a long time, but so far they did not have a baby yet. Every single minute they prayed to God, begged for a baby, but it never came true.
One day, they went to snow mountain. They made a girl from snow and they dressed her beautifully. When it got dark, they decided to go home and left the snow girl alone. The following morning, someone knocked the door. "Any body home?” she said. The old woman inside opened the door and asked, "Who are you?" The girl said "I'm Snow Maiden, your daughter". The old woman was surprised and happy, "Oh, really? Thanks God! Come in, please!" Since that meeting, they lived happily.
Snow Maiden was beautiful, kind, diligent and helpful. Her parents and all of her friends loved her very much. One day, Snow Maiden played with her friends. They played fire. At first, Snow Maiden just looked at their play. Suddenly, her friends asked her to jump on the fire. Of course she refused it because one thing that made her afraid was the fire. It's because Snow Maiden was made of snow, so she should avoid the fire. But her friends kept on forcing her to jump on. Finally, she could not do anything then she did it. She jumped on the fire and she melted. Her friends were so sorry about this, they cried and cried hoping Snow Maiden could live again, but it was useless. Snow Maiden would not be back anymore. Her mother tried to entertain Snow Maiden's friends and asked them to make a new Snow Maiden. They went to a snow mountain and started making it. They expected to have the new Snow Maiden. Days passed but their dreams never came true.
Poor them!

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending.In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:

Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form

Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

Generally using Simple Past Tense

Use of Material Processes to retell the event

Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell

Focus on Circumstances

Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

1.The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

Example: Town ‘Contaminated’

Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

2.It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used

Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004

Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.

3.The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis

Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

4.To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.

Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

5.Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Example: More earthquakes in Japan.

Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.

A Korean Force of Nature

Newsworthy event	In just three years, Korean pop star Rain Has built a huge domestic following of (mostly) female fans with a string of chart-topping singles, and now he’s ready to branch out overseas.
Background events	Rain picked up MTV Asia prizes this year, played his first solo concert in Japan in July and has lined up sold-out gigs in Hong Kong and Tokyo. But the engine of Korean pop-culture dominance in Asia is the soap opera, which is why Rain is forecast for TV this fall. The decidedly boyish singer will play a macho K-1 fighter who falls for his brother’s lover in a series tentatively titled A Loved to Kill. Though the show is set to air first in Korea this October, the astounding popularity of Korean TV dramas around the region means that the pop star could soon become a familiar face throughout Asia. But why stop there? Rain’s managers believe he could be the first Korean star to break into the U.S. market. Park Jin Young, the pop impresario who discovered and trained Rain, is a talented dancer and songwriter who has worked with U.S. artists like Mase and Will Smith. Since setting up camp in Los Angeles last year, Park has been shopping his protégé around to U.S. production companies. Rain almost managed to score a track on rapper Lil’ Kim’s latest album–but the plan fell apart after Kim was convicted of perjury and had to start serving a jail term, according to Jimmy Jeong, an executive at Rain’s management company.
Sources	Just a minor setback, says Jeong: “We’re targeting the global market. Rain’s too big for Asia.”

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

Passive Voice

1.	Simple present	Active passive		We OB on RCTI		watched is watched	OB on RCTI (by us)	everyday. everyday.
2.	Simple past	Active passive		Rita A letter		wrote was written	a letter by Rita	yesterday. yesterday.
3.	Simple Future	Active passive		My family A villa		will rent will be rent	a villa by my family	for holiday. for holiday.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with byif we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens. Examples: My mother makes sandwich every morning. Subject verb1+s/es O C (adv. of time) Sandwich is made by my mother every morning. Subject to be+V3 Agent C (adv. of time)
present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle) present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
present continuous			Active Passive		A young boy is catching a butterfly. A butterflyis being caughtby a young boy.
present perfect			Active Passive		Yano has returned the book to the library. The bookhas been returnedto the libraryby Yano.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways: 1.Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence. 2.Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Examples: Active:			John is giving his girl-frienda bunch of flower. indirect object direct object
Passive: The indirect object as the subject			John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.
Passive: The direct object as the subject			A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

A To understand this lesson is easy. BIt is easy to understand this lesson.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.

A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.

Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:

To watch musical programs is pleasant.

It is pleasant to watch musical program.

To play football must be fun.

It is fun to play football.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure:

▪Identification  identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

▪Description gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features:

▪Who? What?

▪Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense

▪Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase

▪Attributive (the)

▪Use of attributive and identifying process

▪Focus on specific participants

▪Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:

Identification

My Pets

We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.

Descriptions

The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.

Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.

The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

For example:

Nicky said, “It’s hot”.

Or

“It’s hot,” Nicky said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are: Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind

▪Don’t forget to mention the indirect object. Father warned me not to drive fast.

For example:

Direct speechIndirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simplePast Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.

▪When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.

Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

▪When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.

Example: She will tell you

She says (that) she doesn’t know.

She has just said

In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before
This/these Here Pronouns	That/those There They change according to the context

Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

Type	Form	Examples
Yes-No questions	Ask + if/whether + subject + verb Wonder etc.	“Do you speak English?” - He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions	Ask + question word + subject + verb Wonder etc.	“What are you watching?” - She asked what I am watching.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

Simple Present:

Past Future	The simple present is used to indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking.	I smell something delicious. Jane needs a glass of water right now. They have a big house.
Past Future	The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used for general statements of fact.	Monkey swings from branch to branch. Kind words make people happy. God loves us.
Past ? ? Future	The simple present is used for habitual or everyday activity.	I watch TV three hours every night. English class begins at 7am. Father usually reads newspaper every morning.

Simple Present Pattern:

1. Nominal:                                                         

(+) Sheisa nurse.

S + To be + Compliment

(-) Heisnota teacher.

S + To be + not + Compliment

(?) Aretheystudents?

To be + S + Compliment + ?

When using word questions (W/H questions such as What, Who, When, Why, Where, Which, How), we simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentence and followed by the form of question pattern above.

Example:

Whyissheangry?

W/H question + to be + S + Compliment + ?

2. Verbal:

(+) S + Verb1 -s/es + O / C / adv

IstudyEnglishevery day.

Heplaysbasketballevery Tuesday and Thursday.

(-) S + Do/Does+not+Verb1 + O / C / adv

Theydo noteatmeat.

Shedoes notborrowcomicseveryday.

(?) Do/Does+ Subject + Verb1 + O / C / adv

Doyoudrinkbeer?

Doessheunderstandthe lesson?

Spelling of third person singular forms

Most verbs: Add -s to infinitive	work  works drink  drinks meet  meets
Verbs ending in consonants + y: Change y to I and add -es	Fly  flies Cry  cries Rely  relies
Verbs ending in -s, -z, -ch, or -x : Add -es to infinitive	Miss  misses Buzz  buzzes Watch watches Push  pushes Fix fixes
Exceptions:	Have has go  goes do  does

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

Noun phrase

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

Example 1:

Shaggy: Do you like books?

Bean : Yes, I like them.

Shaggy: Do you like books over there?

Bean : Yes, they are nice.

Shaggy: Do you like the book I brought yesterday?

Bean : Yes, I like it. (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the book’, not ‘book’)

Example 2:

Nicko was late.

(‘Nicko’ is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb.)

Some noun phrases are short: The students

Some are long: The very tall education consultant

Structures of noun phrases:

▪A beautiful old painting on the wall

The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:

Pre-modifier	Head noun	Post-modifier
A beautiful old	painting	on the wall
A beautiful old	painting	-
-	painting	on the wall

This is the table of the adjectives that are combined with the nouns:

Determiner	Opinion adjectives		Descriptive adjectives						Nouns
	General	specific	size	shape	age	colour	nationality	material
A	Lovely	comfortable	big	-	-	-	-	Wooden	chair
The	Cheap	-	-	-	new	black	German	-	car
			Large	round	-	-	-	metal	table

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them. You put adjectives in front of the first noun.

Example: We just spoke with a young American boy.

Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (Vbase+ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.

Example:passing the exam watching TV

preparing the equipment sliding down a rope

going to school diving board

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:

• the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."
• the imperative mood (giving a command).
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.

A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:

The bear caught a salmon in the stream.

Who ate the pie?

Stop!

A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.

Verb forms that are not finite include:

• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives

In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.

By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.

English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).

Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.

Example:

The finite verbs are the underlined words.

The Crow and the Fox

One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.

…………….

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

Modals in the past form

Modals
present	Past
can	could
will	would
shall	should
may	might

1. Could + Verb base

 to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example: Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

 to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example: Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young. But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river very well and faster.

 to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base

 for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

 insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example: Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

 to express polite requests

Example: Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem.

3. Should + Verb base

 to give definite advice (advisability)

Example: Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight. You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?

Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.

Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

to express the subject’s obligation or duty:

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)

They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.

Application should be sent before March 25th.

4. Might + Verb base

 to tell possibilities

Example: David : Where is Deddy?

Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

 To express polite requests

Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?

Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

  Past tense is a verb used to express an action or a condition that accired in or a condition that accired in or             During the past.

      Past tense :

       1.] past continuous tense.

      2.] past perfect tense.

       3.] simple past tense.

      1.] past continuous tense.

      Is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain time in the past.

The pattern :

     [ + ] s + was / were + verb ….. ing + complement.

      [ - ] s + was / were + not verb …..ing  + complement.

      [ ? ] was / were + subject + verb …. Ing + complement ?

      Example :

      [ + ] she was writing a blog at 7 o’clock last night.

     [ - ] she wasn’t writing a blog at 7 o’clock last night.

     [ ? ] was she writing a blog at 7 o’clock last night ?

      2. past perfect tense.

      Is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and 

      Completed or finished till certain time in the past to.

      The pattern :

    [ + ] s + had verb 3 + complement.

       [ -] s + was / were + not + verb ....... ing + complement.

       [ ? ] was  / were + not + verb + ....... ing + complement ?

       Example :

      [ + ] she was writing a blog at 7 o’clock last night.

     [ - ] she wasn’t writing a blog at 7 o’clock last night.

     [ + ] was she writing a blog at 7 o’clock last night.

     2.] past perfect tense.

     Is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and Completed or  an event that started in a certain  time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past to.

         The pattern :                

       [ + ] s + had + verb 3 + complement.

        [ - ] s + had + not + verb 3 + complement .          

        [ ? ] had + s + verb 3 + completed ?

      Example :

     [ + ] we had eaten an ice cream before mother  came.

     [ - ] we hadn’t eaten an ice cream before mother came.    [ ? ] Had we eaten an ice cream before mother came ?

        3.] simple past tense.

       Is used for describing acts that have already been conclided and whose exact time of occurrence is known.

       Adverbs used :

-          Yesterday.                                       

-          Tast  night.

-          Last week.

-          Two days a go.

-          A few minutes a go.

-          Last weekend.

-          Last month.

-          Last year.

-          In 1995.

-          Ect.

The pattern :

      [ + ] s + verb 2 + complement.

      [ - ] s + did not  + verb 2 + complement.

      [ ? ] did + s + verb 2 + complement ?

      Example :

      [ +] I went to Tasik Malaya Last week.

       [ - ] I don’t go to Tasik Malaya Last week.

       [ - ] did I go to Tasik Malaya Last week.

*past tense .

        Past tense : used to talk a bout things that happened in the  past.

      *Is known . fut her more  , simple past is used for  retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used

      In story telling.

       *pattern A : s + to be + o [ was / were ]

         [ + ] s + was  / were + not + o

         [ - ] s + was + / were + not  + o

         [ ? ] was / were + s + o + ?                                  

          *Pattern B : s + verb 2 + o.

          [ + ]  s + verb 2 + o

          [ - ] s + did + not  + verb 1 + o

          [ ? ] did + s + verb 1 + o + ?

        Time  signal :

·         yesterday.

·         Last night.

·         An hour a go.

·         In 1978.

·         The  other  day.

·         Every day Last year.

·         Last year.

  Example :

 [ +] I was a student.

 [ - ] I did not like chicken.      [ ? ] was I a student ?

                

          Hi , Friends .......

        *do you know simple present tense ????

        *for what simple present tense use ???

        *when we use simple present tense ??

   Okay if you don’t know about simple present tense [S.P.T] in here , I want to explain about simple present 

   Tense. Simple present tense use to talk about general to express idea. We also can use the simple present  tense

  To talk about now.

      *The simple present tense is used :

     *to express habits, general truths , repeated actions or unchanging situations , emotions and wishes.

     *to give instructions or directions

     *to express fixed arrangements , present or future.

      We use simple present , when :

     *the action is general.

     *the action happens all time , or habitually , in the past , present , and future.

     *the action is not only happening now.

     *the statement is always true.                                     

     Simple present tense divide 2 , that are :

     1.] verbal sentence.

     Positive form : s + v1 [- s / es ] + object.

     Example :

     *you write a story

     *he goes to school

     Negative form : s + do / does + not + v1 + object

     Example :

     *you do not write a story.

     *he does not go to school.

  Interrogative form : do / does + s + v1 + o + ?

     Example :

     *do you write a story ?

     *does he go to school ?

     Note :

     *verbs ending in  - y : the third person changes the – y to – ies : fly = cry = cries.

     *exceptions : if there is a vowel  before the – y :                                  

     *play = plays = pray = prays.

     *add – es – to verbs ending in : - ss , - x , - sh , - ch :

     *passes , catches , fixes , pushes.

     2.] Non verbal sentence.

      Positive form : s + to be [am / is / are ] + compliment.

      *I am a student.

      Negative form : s + to be + not + compliment.

      *I am not a student.

      Interrogative form : To be + s + compliment + ?

      *Am I a student ?

      *thats all about simple present tense*

     * Present tense*.

     Present tense : used to express fact that are always true , or things we often do.

     Formula :

     [ + ] s + to be + o

     S + verb [ + s / es ] + o

     [ - ] s + do / does + not + verb + o

     S + do / does + not + verb + o

      [ ? ] to be + s + o + ?

      Do / does + s verb + o + ?

        Time signal :

·         Always.

·         Everyday.

·         Sometimes.

·         Often.

·         Usually.

·         Very.

        Example :

      [ + ] she likes fish.

      [ - ] she does not like fish.

      [ ? ] does she like fish.

     

     The simple present : used to express habits , general truths , repeated actions or un changing situations and

     a motions or wis hes.                       

      Adverb of time :                                      

      *Always.

      *Never.

      *Every.

      *often.

      *seldom.

      *usually.

      *sometimes.

      A. verbal sentence.

      Formula :

     [ + ] s + v1 + [ - s / - Es ] + o

     [ - ] s + do / does + not + v1 + o

     [ ? ] do / does + s + v1 + o

     B. Non verbal sentence.

      [ + ] s + to be + noun / adjective / adverb [ am / is / be ].

      [ - ] s + to be + not + noun / adjective / adverb. 

                  

 Present perpect tense : used for olescribing a past action’s effect an the present.

·         Pattern  1 : s + have / has + been + complement.

·         Pattern 2 : s + have / has + v3 + o / adv .

·         Past perpect tense : a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that start ed in a certain

Time in the post and completed or finished fill certain time in the past too  or

·          Past perfect tense : used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

       Pattern : s + had + v3 + complement.

·         Present future tense : used to assert an action or an event that will happened or will finished at the definite

Time at the future.

·         Pattern 1 : s [ except 1 ] + will / shall + have + been + complement.

·         Pattern 2 : s + will / shall + have + v3 + o / adv

·         Past future tense : used to assert an action or an event that will happened before or at the other event

Happened at the past future.

·         Pattern 1 : s + would / should + have + been + complement.

·         Pattern 2 : s + would / should + have + v3 + o / adv.               

Time signal :

·         As get .          

·         So far.

·         Ever.

·         Many times.

·         Once several times.

·         Twice.

       *This is present perfect tense.

        [ + ] s + has / have + v3

       Example : - I have opened the door since 7 o’clock.

            - He has opened the door since 7 o’clock.

            [ - ] s + has / have + not + v3

            Example : - I have not opened the door 

             -she has not opened the door.

*this is present perfect continuous  tense.

       [ + ] s + has / have + been + v – ing.

       Examples : - they have been waiting for two hours.

        -he has been washing discs.

        [ - ] s + has / have + not + been + v – ing.

         Examples : - have they been  waiting  for two huors ?

-has he been washing discs ?

*This is past perfect Tense.

        [ + ] s + had + v3

          Examples : - he had eaten the food before his mother arrived.        

        [ - ] s + had + not + v3

        Example : - he had not eaten the food before his mother arrived.

        [ ? ] had + s + v3 ?

        Example : - had he eaten the food before his mother arrived ?

        *This is past perfect continuous Tense.

        [ + ] s + had + been + v – ing.

         Example : I had been living in Japan for 2 years before moved to Italy.

       [ - ] s + had + not + been + v – ing.

       Example : I had not been Living in Japan for 2 year before moved  to Italy.

       [ ? ] had + s + been + v – ing ?

        Example : had you been Living in Japan for 2 year before moved to Italy ?

*This is Future Perfect Tense. 

         [ + ] s + will + shall + have + v3

        Example : he will have finished this assignment by the end of this week.

         [ -] s + will / shall + not + have + v3

        Example : he will not have finished this  assignment by the end of this week.

*This is future perfect continuous Tense.

        [ + ] s + will / shall + have + been + v – ing

  Example : - He will have been sleeping for 2 hours before she arrives.

  [ - ] s + will / shall + not + have + been + v – ing.

      Example : He will not have been sleeping for 2 hours before she arrives.

      [ + ] will / shall + s + have + been + v – ing ?

      Example : will He have been sleeping for 2 hours before she arrives ?

             

 Advertisement : an information for persuading and motivating people so that they  will attract to the service

       And the things that are offered of  informed.

        *functions of  Advertisement :

·         Promotion.                                                                                 

·         Communication.

·         Information.

         In making advertisement , keep the following points :

         1.] Language of advertisement.

         * using the correct or suitable word.

         * using the intresting and suggestive expressions.

         Text of advertisement.

         2.] content of advertisement.

         *objective and honest brief and clear not allude group or other producer.

    

            *kind of advertisement :

         1.] family.

         2.] Invitation.

         3.] sponsored.

         4.] Requested.

         5.] News.

         6.] Announcement.

         7.] Goods.

         8.] Merit.

         Media of advertisement :

·         Television.

·         Radio.

·         Billboard.

·         Leafleat.

·         Pamphlet.

·         Etc ……….

*advertisement have two meaning :

          1.] is a commercial solicitation designed to sell  some commodity servise or similar.

          *companies try to seutheir products using advertisement in form of placards , television , sport , and print

        Publication.

          2.] is a public notice.

        *the city council placed an advertisement in the local newpaper in informs  it residents of the forthcoming

         Read works.

         Advertisements is refers to all people . Many advertisements are disigned to generate in creased through the   

        creation  and reinforcement of “ brand image “ and “ brand Loyalty “.

        The function of advertisement is for :

·         Promotion.

·         Communication.                                                          

·         Information.

   Kinds of advertisement. :

a.       Family  advertisement.

b.      Invitation advertisement.

c.       Sponsored advertisement.

d.      Advertisement that praises goods which is advertised.

e.      Requested advertisement.

f.        News advertisement.

g.       Announcement advertisement.

           In making advertisement , keep the following points  :

         1.] Language of advertisement :

         a. using the correct or suitable word.

         b. using the interesting expression and suggestive .

         c. using positive connotations.

         d. Text of advertisement snold direckly to the go .

          2.] advertisement content :

          a. objective and hanest.

          b. brief and clear.

          c. don’t to allude group and to other producer.

          d. attractive attention.

           Some commercial advertising media indude :

·         Billboards.

·         Radio.

·         Television.

·         Megazines.

·         Newspapers.

·         Printed flayers.

Example :

                                                                     Advertisement.

                                                                       CASANOVA’S

                                                           Annual                            sale

                                                                      This week only

       Save                                     Men and women’s   clothing : shoes , coats , and  sweaters , swimwears,

     25%                                                                                         Jeans , shoes.

                                                               Jewelry : watches , rings , earrings , necklass.

                                                                      Furniture : leather safa , dining

                                                                       Tables and chairs book cases.

                                                      Luggage : bags and brief cases.

                                  Casanova’s is on jln. Kenanga 84 open from 09.00 am to 09:00 pm.

       

-The definition of advertisement.

Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.

-The definition of advertisement.

Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.

-Function of advertisement:

Promotion

Communication

Information

-In making advertisement, keep the following points :

1.Language of advertisement :

Using the correct or suitable words

Using the interesting and suggestive expressions

Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals

2.Content of advertisement :

Objective and honest                                   

Brief and clear

Not allude group or other producer.

-Kinds of advertisement :

1.Family advertisement

2.Invitation advertisement

3.Sponsored advertisement

4.Requested advertisement

5.News advertisement

6.Announcement advertisement

7.Goods advertisement

8.Merit advertisement

-Media of advertisement

By television

By radio

Billboard

Leaflet

Pamflet etc.

-Example of Advertisement

Vacancy

FOUR STAR HOTEL IN JAKARTA IS PRESENTLY LOOKING FOR

1.SALES MANAGER

2.CHIEF ACCOUNTANT

3.PURCHASING MANAGER

4.RESTAURANT MANAGER

5.BAR MANAGER

6.CHIEF THE PARTIE(S). JAPANESE/EUROPEAN

7.BANQUET COORDINATOR

8.ASSISTANT F & B MANAGER

9.ASSISTANT CHIEF ENGINEER

10.BAR STAFF/WAITER/WAITRESSES

FOR

(LOUNGE BAR OPENING SOON)

ALL APPLICANTS SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST 3 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN POSITION WITH STRONG LEADERSHIP, GOOD COMMAND,WIPLEASE SEND YOUR APPLICATION To GENERAL MANAGERP.O. BOX. 7177/JKS CL. 1207LLING TO WORK UNDER PRESSURE, AND ATTRACTIVESALARY & BENEFIT.

     

 1.] shapes is all the geometrical  information that remains whe to cation and rotational effect are filtered  out

        From  an object.

        *shapes :

       - simple straight sided shapes                             - oval                               - pentagon

       - Rectangle                                                             - cone                               - octagen    

       - square                                                                   - cube                               - Diamont

       - Triangle                                                                - cylinder                          - Heart   

       - simple Ruonded shapes                                   - pyramid   

      - circle                                                                     - sphere  

      *part of body :

      - hair                              - armpit                        - arm                       - Instep                      

      - head                            - upper arm                 - finger                   - sole               

      - neck                             - Elbow                         - nail                      - Toes

      - throad                          - fort arm                    - Thigh

       - shoulder                      - wrist                         - knee

       - chest                            - fist                             - calf

       - beck                             - Hand                         - ankle          

       - waist                            - palm                         - foot       

       - stomach                      - Themb                     - Heel

      *the inside :                                                                        

       - Brain                   - lung           - Liver           - vein

       - windpipe           - Heart          - kidney        - Artery

       - Intestines           - Muscle      - Bladder

     *the Eye :

       - Eye ball            - Eyelashes             

      - Eye brow           - pupil

      - Eyelid                - Iris          

       *the face :

         - Eye                  - cheek                 - Jaw                    - Lip

         - Noise              - chin                    - Moustache       - Tongue

        - Ear                   - Temple              - Bearel      

        - Mouth             - forehead           - Tooth

        Vocabs : shapes , parts of Body.

        *shapes : all the geometrical information that remains when Location , scale and rotational effects  are filtered

      Our from an object.

Shapes :

      Example :

Suggested words:

Shapes

    

        

               

              

                          

                                 
                                 Primbon English Language.

                                         Nalendro CLASS X-8.
                                                                The End.